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Risk Factors and Prevalence

Risk factors contributing to the development of peri-implant diseases include poor oral hygiene, a history of periodontitis, smoking, poorly controlled diabetes, excess cement, lack of supportive therapy, and genetic predispositions such as IL-1 gene polymorphism (Heitz-Mayfield, 2008; Howe, 2017; Laine et al., 2006; Naujokat et al., 2016; Renvert & Quirynen, 2015).

 

Prevalence

A systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 studies indicated that the prevalence of peri-implant diseases has increased over time (Lee et al., 2017). The weighted mean prevalence of peri-implant mucositis was found to be 29.48% (based on implants) and 46.83% (based on patients). The weighted mean prevalence of peri-implantitis was 9.25% (based on implants) and 19.83% (based on patients). Smokers showed a higher incidence of peri-implant diseases, with a summary estimate of 36.3% (Atieh et al., 2013).